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Unlocking the potential of blockchain technology | MIT News

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Unlocking the potential of blockchain technology | MIT News

The Republic of the Marshall Islands is a country of about 50,000 people spread across more than 1,000 islands in a remote part of the Pacific Ocean. The country relies heavily on cross-border finance and trade, and the complexities of that system can make it difficult for citizens to obtain certain goods and financial services efficiently.

Now the federal government is looking to become the first to issue a national digital currency using blockchain technology. Officials hope the move will help citizens avoid high transaction fees, simplify compliance with international partners, and protect against inflation (the currency will have a fixed supply rate).

The new currency will be based on blockchain technology developed by Silvio Micali, Ford Professor of Engineering at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), and commercialized by Micali’s startup, Algorand.

There has been considerable hype surrounding the potential of blockchain technology and associated cryptocurrencies to disrupt the way money and other assets move around the world. Skeptics of this view argue that blockchain technologies are not sustainable or efficient enough for mass adoption.

Algorand believes it has solved these problems with a unique, scalable architecture that does not sacrifice traditional blockchain technology benefits, such as decentralization and security.

More and more people are using Algorand for a wide range of applications, from creating carbon credit markets to accelerating real estate transactions and, in the case of the Marshall Islands, creating new fiat money.

“The advent of blockchain technology has opened up a world of opportunities for small nations like ours,” said the minister assisting Marshall Islands President David Paul when the country announced its plans. “By issuing a currency that is not physically embedded in cash, that can travel the world instantly, that is tamper-proof and completely secure, the Marshall Islands will finally be connected to the global financial system on its own terms.”

Starting from scratch

Micali has long been recognized for his work in cryptography and security. He has been a member of the MIT faculty since 1983 and was awarded the Turing Award in 2012 with his collaborator and fellow MIT professor, Shafi Goldwasser.

Working with others, Micali’s results include a new way for distributed parties to agree on a value or strategy even if some parties are corrupt (achieving so-called Byzantine agreement), and a method for parties to securely send information to each other so that it can later be verified by the public (so-called verifiable random functions).

Much of Micali’s work occurred long before the rise of modern cryptocurrencies and the hype around blockchain. In the case of verifiable random functions, Micali says he knew they would be useful in some way, but couldn’t figure out how to apply them.

However, Micali put off learning about blockchain for years after the creation of the first blockchain-based cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, in 2008. One day, he finally walked into his lab and asked some of his graduate students to explain it to him.

“I had two main reactions,” Micali recalls. “One was that it was a great idea. The other was that it was a very inelegant solution.”

Of particular interest to Micali was a problem raised by the founder of another blockchain, Ethereum. The founder argued that blockchains can provide at most two of the following: decentralization, security, and scalability.

“The idea that something was impossible really caught my attention, because in cryptography, and at MIT more generally, our job is to prove that the impossible is possible,” Micali says.

Micali also credits the MIT ecosystem for helping him get Algorand off the ground. Of his first 10 hires, eight came from MIT.

“It’s not just the technology, it’s also the entrepreneurial spirit of MIT and the fact that we don’t shy away from challenges,” Micali says. “But the most important resource for me and Algorand is also the most important resource of MIT: people.”

In 2017, Micali started from scratch to build a better blockchain.

Blockchain refers to records of information, stored in blocks, that users can add to, forming chains. Each block contains a shortened version of the previous block and timestamped information such as transaction data. As more blocks are added, previous blocks become harder to change, providing a secure record of transactions and other information. Many public blockchains have associated cryptocurrencies, or digital assets, and information about cryptocurrency transactions is stored in the blockchain ledger.

“The challenge is who should be able to add the next block of transactions to the blockchain,” Micali says. “Because if I have the ability to declare something that is common knowledge, I have a lot of power. Who should have that power?”

Some blockchains select users to add and validate the next block, having them devote computing power to solving cryptographic puzzles. This approach has been criticized for being inefficient and energy-intensive. Other blockchains empower users who hold the power of the associated cryptocurrency to validate new blocks on behalf of everyone else. This approach has been criticized for being too centralized, as relatively few people hold the majority of many cryptocurrencies.

Algorand also relies on an associated cryptocurrency to validate new blocks. The company calls the currency Algo coins. Instead of giving the power to validate new blocks to people with the most coins, however, Algorand has the owners of 1,000 tokens out of the 10 billion in circulation randomly select themselves to validate the next block.

Tokens are selected in a microsecond-long process that requires relatively little computing power. Random selection also makes the blockchain more secure by not providing a clear target for hackers, helping Algorand solve the “trilemma” proposed by the founder of Ethereum with a scalable, secure, and decentralized blockchain.

In addition to this architecture, the Algorand community has developed additional features tailored to specific functions, such as smart contracts, which can self-execute based on predefined conditions in their code, in some cases eliminating the need for central authorities and intermediaries such as lawyers.

To enable smart contracts to execute on its blockchain more efficiently, Algorand created a programming language called Transaction Execution Approval Language (TEAL). TEAL returns a value of true or false depending on whether certain conditions are met, simplifying the process of creating and executing contracts on the blockchain.

Since then, contracts have been used to enable financial transactions, create a market for small gold purchases, and raise small-scale investment in startups.

Unlocking the potential of blockchain

The Italian Society for Authors and Publishers was founded in 1882 after artists organized to avoid exploitation. Much has changed since its founding, with conglomerate streaming services beginning to hold enormous amounts of power over content like movies and music. The result is a complex copyright ecosystem in which royalties for artists are squeezed by publishers, lawyers, reviewers, and other intermediaries.

But today, more than 100,000 artists in the organization have their copyrights digitally represented and can trade or sell those rights at publicly quoted market prices on the Algorand blockchain. Artists can give permission to use their songs in certain cases while retaining their copyright.

“We appreciate artists, but we often don’t give them what they deserve,” says Micali.

The use case fulfills a central promise of blockchain, allowing people to exchange goods without centralized authorities taking up money and time. It also exemplifies what has been a huge source of business for Algorand thus far: the tokenization of digital assets, also known as non-fungible tokensor NFT.

The application also touched the heart of Micali, who was happy to see that even in his home country, Italy, people were benefiting from his solution.

“It shows how you can take back your information,” Micali says. “It’s a big trend, because very often in order to make information available you have to give up the rights to your information to someone else, who then owns the information. It’s easy to say you shouldn’t do that, but we need the technology to get around that. The only way forward now is decentralization.”

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The Information Hires Peterson to Cover Tech, Finance, Cryptocurrency

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The Information Hires Peterson to Cover Tech, Finance, Cryptocurrency

My life is nice

Tech news site The Information has hired Business Insider actress to cover technology, finance and cryptocurrencies.

She was part of Business Insider’s investigative team. She was also previously a corporate technology reporter and a technology deals reporter.

Peterson has been with Business Insider since June 2017 and is based in the San Francisco office.

She previously worked for Folio as an associate editor. She holds a bachelor’s degree from the University of California-Davis and a master’s degree from New York University.

Chris Roush

Chris Roush is the former dean of the School of Communications at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut. Previously, he was the Walter E. Hussman Sr. Distinguished Professor of Business Journalism at UNC-Chapel Hill. He is a former business reporter for Bloomberg News, Businessweek, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Tampa Tribune, and the Sarasota Herald-Tribune. He is the author of the leading business journalism textbook, Show Me the Money: Writing Business and Economics Stories for Mass Communication, and of Thinking Things Over, a biography of former Wall Street Journal editor Vermont Royster.

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Trump Courts Crypto Industry Votes, Campaign Donations

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Trump Courts Crypto Industry Votes, Campaign Donations

  • Author, Brandon Livesay
  • Role, BBC News
  • July 27, 2024

Donald Trump said at one of the biggest cryptocurrency events of the year that if he is re-elected president, he will fire the chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on his first day.

On Saturday, Trump was the keynote speaker at Bitcoin 2024, a gathering of industry heavyweights in Nashville, Tennessee.

The Republican presidential candidate used the event to woo voters and encourage the tech community to donate to his campaign.

Cryptocurrencies have emerged as a political battleground for Republicans, with Trump saying that the Democratic Party and Vice President Kamala Harris were “against cryptocurrencies.”

The crowd was at its most animated when Trump declared, “On day one, I will fire Gary Gensler,” the SEC chairman appointed by now-President Joe Biden. The crowd applauded loudly and began chanting “Trump” at this statement.

SEC files charges against ‘Cryptocurrency King’ Sam Bankman-Frittosentenced to 25 years for stealing billions of dollars from customers of his cryptocurrency exchange FTX.

Speaking for about 45 minutes, Trump outlined some of his ideas for the industry if he wins the November election. He said he would make the United States the crypto capital of the world. His support for the sector is a 180-degree reversal from his comments in 2021, when he told Fox Business he saw Bitcoin as a “scam” that influence the value of the US dollar.

Trump told the crowd at the event that he would retain 100% of the Bitcoin currently owned or acquired by the U.S. government, adding that it would be a “national stockpile of Bitcoin.”

The former president also said he would “immediately appoint a presidential advisory council on Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies.”

He talked about the power needed to mine cryptocurrencies. “It takes a lot of electricity,” he said, adding that he would build power plants “to do that” and that it would “use fossil fuels.”

In recent months, some tech leaders have seen growing support for Trump’s presidential campaign. Tesla founder Elon Musk, who is the world’s richest person, has backed Trump. And cryptocurrency moguls the Winklevoss twins, who attended his speech on Saturday, have also come out in support.

Trump noted that his campaign accepts cryptocurrency donations, saying that in the two months since allowing cryptocurrency transactions, he has received $25 million (£20 million) in donations. However, he did not say how much of the payments came from cryptocurrency.

Trump used his speech to frame cryptocurrency regulation as a partisan issue, saying the Biden administration was “anti-crypto.”

Several Republican lawmakers also attended Trump’s speech, including Senators Tim Scott and Tommy Tuberville. Former Republican presidential candidate and Trump ally Vivek Ramaswamy was also in attendance.

The event was also attended by independent presidential candidate Robert F Kennedy Jr. and Democratic Party congressmen Wiley Nickel and Ro Khanna.

Earlier, during Bitcoin 2024, Democratic Congressman Nickel said that Kamala Harris was taking a “forward-thinking approach to digital assets and blockchain technology.”

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WazirX Crypto Exchange Hack and Its Bounty Program: What Does It Mean for Crypto Investors in India?

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WazirX Crypto Exchange Hack and Its Bounty Program: What Does It Mean for Crypto Investors in India?

On July 18, India Cryptocurrency exchange WazirX has been hit by a cyber attack which resulted in the loss of over $230 million worth of digital assets from one of its wallets. The exchange responded by suspending regular trading and reporting the incident to Indian authorities and other cryptocurrency exchanges. The company also launched two reward programs for ethical hackers who can help the exchange trace, freeze, and recover stolen funds.

WazirX said there was a cyberattack on a multi-signature wallet operated through a digital asset custodian service known as Liminal. Multi-signature wallets have a built-in security feature that requires multiple parties to sign transactions.

“The impact of the cyberattack is over $230 million on our clients’ digital assets,” WazirX said in a blog post, adding that INR funds were not affected. The company has firmly denied that WazirX itself was hacked and has brushed aside rumors that it was tricked by a phishing attack.

The exchange also noted that it was “certain” that its hardware keys had not been compromised, adding that an external forensic team would be tasked with investigating the matter further.

But Liminal, after completing its investigation, said: “It is clear that the genesis of this hack stems from three devices compromised by WazirX.”

Meanwhile, WazirX founder and CEO Nischal Shetty said that the attack would have been possible only if there were four points of failure in the digital signature process.

Who is behind the cyber attack?

WazirX has not yet disclosed the suspected parties or perpetrators responsible for the hack. However, news reports have emerged that North Korean hackers were responsible for the incident.

On-chain analytics and other information indicate “that this attack was perpetrated by hackers affiliated with North Korea,” blockchain analytics platform Elliptic said.

In response to The Hindu’s questions to WazirX about the North Korean hackers, cryptocurrency exchange WazirX directed us to its blog and said it was working with law enforcement to investigate whether a known malicious group was behind the attack.

“This incident affected the Ethereum multisig wallet, which consists of ETH and ERC20 tokens. Other blockchain funds are not affected,” WazirX said in its official blog, specifying that approximately 45% (according to preliminary work) of cryptocurrencies were affected by the attack.

The company largely placed the blame on the process of securing Ethereum multisig wallets and said that the vulnerability was not unique to WazirX.

How important is WazirX in the cryptocurrency industry?

WazirX calls itself India’s largest cryptocurrency exchange by volume. As of June 10, it reported total holdings of ₹4,203.88 Crores, or 503.64 million USDT. Tether [USDT] It is a stablecoin, that is, a cryptocurrency pegged to the value of the US dollar, but it is not an official currency of the United States.

When The Hindu tried to access WazirX Public and Real-Time Reserve Proof After the hack, we were greeted with a notice that the page was under maintenance.

WazirX has received both positive and negative reviews in India. The Enforcement Directorate froze the exchange’s assets in 2022, criticizing its operating procedures and lax Know-Your-Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulations.

“By encouraging obscurity and adopting lax AML norms, it has actively assisted around 16 accused fintech companies in laundering proceeds of crime using the cryptocurrency route. Accordingly, equivalent movable assets amounting to Rs 64.67 Crore in possession of WazirX have been frozen under the PMLA, 2002,” the ED said in a statement.

What will happen to WazirX assets?

It is unlikely that the stolen WazirX assets will be fully recovered anytime soon. This is due to the very nature of cryptocurrency, where assets can be easily mixed, transferred, converted, and sent to anonymous wallets. The chances of asset recovery are even slimmer if it is confirmed that North Korean hackers are behind the incident.

CEO Shetty said on X on July 22 that “small” portions of the stolen funds had been frozen, but declined to provide further details. He added that the majority of the funds had not been moved from the attacker’s wallet.

In recent years, North Korean hackers have stolen billions of dollars in cryptocurrency, aiming to circumvent various financial and economic sanctions.

WazirX is currently working to resume normal operations and has planned to launch an online survey to decide how to resume trading on the platform.

While the Indian exchange has defended its security practices and highlighted the challenges facing the cryptocurrency industry as a whole, savvy crypto traders will be looking for action plans and accountability, rather than emotional reassurance.

What does your rewards program consist of?

WazirX has announced two bounty programs: one to gain more information about stolen funds, and the other to recover them. Both programs are open to everyone except WazirX employees and their immediate family members.

Under the first program, WaxirX will reward up to $10,000 to anyone who can provide the exchange with information that can help freeze the funds. If the bounty hunter is unable to freeze the funds on their own, they should work with WazirX by providing enough evidence to facilitate the process.

But “if the participant fails to freeze and/or does not cooperate with WazirX to facilitate the freezing of funds, then the participant will not be entitled to any rewards,” the exchange said.

The second program, called White Hat Recovery, is aimed at recovering funds. Participants are offered 10% of the amount recovered as a white hat incentive.

“This reward will be paid only after and subject to the successful receipt of the stolen amount by WazirX. The above rewards will be payable in USDT or in the form of recovered funds at the sole discretion of WazirX,” the exchange noted.

The bounty programs are expected to last for the next three months.

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Trump Vows to Make US ‘Crypto Capital of the Planet and Bitcoin Superpower’

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Former President Donald Trump speaks at the 2024 Bitcoin Conference.

Speaking to a crowd of supporters at the Bitcoin 2024 Conference in Nashville, Tennessee, former President and Republican candidate Donald Trump said that if elected, he would make the United States the “crypto capital of the planet and a Bitcoin superpower.”

Trump added that he would “appoint a Presidential Advisory Council on Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies,” which would have 100 days to “design transparent regulatory guidance that will benefit the entire industry.”

Trump has publicly opposed cryptocurrencies until recently. His latest statements serve as a rallying cry for a tech industry that has long called for more flexible regulatory oversight.

Shortly after taking the stage, Trump spent several minutes naming some of the conference attendees, at one point describing Winklevoss Twins Cameron and Tyler as “male role models with big, beautiful brains.” The former president has continued to speak out against electric car mandates and called for more fossil-fuel burning power plants.

Trump also said he would order the United States to withhold all Bitcoin it currently owns “in the future.” The U.S. government reportedly holds billions of dollars in Bitcoin.

About three years ago, Trump called Bitcoin “a fraud“that is “competing against the dollar.” In February 2024, the former president said that establishing a central bank digital currency would represent a “dangerous threat to freedom.” Yet, in May, Trump declared that he was “good with [crypto]“, adding, “if you’re pro-cryptocurrency you’d better vote for Trump.” That same month, he said he would commute with the Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht’s Sentencingand his campaign said it would accept cryptocurrency donations.

Recent comments from Trump and independent presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. have helped make cryptocurrency regulation a major political issue in the 2024 U.S. presidential election. This comes as the SEC intensifies its scrutiny of the cryptocurrency industry. SEC Chairman Gary Gensler, appointed by President Joe Biden, called the activity “full of fraud, scams, bankruptcies and money laundering.” Trump drew applause at the conference after promising to “fire” Gensler. (U.S. presidents have the power to appoint the heads of many federal commissions, including the SEC.)

With Biden out of the raceVice President Kamala Harris’s campaign advisers have He is said to have contacted to cryptocurrency leaders in an effort to “reset” relations with the industry. Harris’s campaign has not yet said whether her stance on the industry differs from Biden’s.

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